• br Cholecystokinin CCK CCK is secreted by enteroendocrine I

  2021-12-08

  

  Cholecystokinin (CCK) CCK is secreted by enteroendocrine I-cells of the duodenum and jejunum in response to amino acids and lipids [14]. There are two forms of the CCK receptor, CCK1 which is expressed on pancreatic α- and β-cells while CCK2 is located on somatostatin-secreting δ-cells [8]. CCK r

• To date glycine receptors have been found

  2021-12-08

  

  To date, glycine receptors have been found in five distinct transmembrane protein subunits (one β subunit and four α subunit (α1–α4)), combining to form two different types of functional receptors [4], [14], either α homomeric, the immature extrasynaptic glycine receptor subtype, or αβ heteromeric,

• The third generation cephalosporin antibiotics can

  2021-12-08

  

  The third-generation cephalosporin trans-4-Hydroxycrotonic acid can cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) [94]. In addition, several studies have shown that CEF can also cross the BBB [95,96] through a facilitated transport process [95]. However, due to the fact that CEF has poor bioavailability when

• Young et al described the role

  2021-12-08

  

  Young et al. [40] described the role of adenine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the translocation of GLUT4 in the heart. The AMPK is activated during muscle contraction [74] by converting AMP to ATP. The adenosine analog, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), is a c

• The extensive worldwide research efforts in

  2021-12-08

  

  The extensive worldwide research efforts in the decade following FFA1 de-orphaning aimed at developing clinically useful FFA1 agonists were nearly halted after Takeda’s first-in-class agent fasiglifam (TAK-875) was discontinued in phase III of human trials. On the date of submission of this manuscri

• br Acknowledgments br Introduction Prenyltransferase catalyz

  2021-12-08

  

  Acknowledgments Introduction Prenyltransferase catalyzes the head-to-tail condensation between isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP, 1) and an allylic prenyl diphosphate to produce several prenyl diphosphates, which are then converted into steroids, carotenoids, prenyl side-chains of quinones, and pre

• The advent of next generation sequencing NGS

  2021-12-07

  

  The advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) has shown that considerable variation in human genome is still undiscovered and therefore a considerable number of rare variations that are related to disease susceptibility may still be unknown. NGS has allowed to strengthen the association between los

• Finally the results in this article indicate

  2021-12-07

  

  Finally, the results in this article indicate that atomistic MD in conjunction with computational electrophysiology and ion-permeation simulations provide a useful tool for the functional annotation of ion-channel structures. In particular, they exemplify how MD simulations in native lipid membranes

• br Materials and methods br

  2021-12-07

  

  Materials and methods Results Discussion Our study demonstrates that human GIP(3-30)NH2 is a selective GIPR antagonist that inhibits both GIP-mediated cAMP signaling, β-arrestin recruitment, and GIPR internalization. Furthermore, we demonstrate that human GIP(3-30)NH2 binds with high affini

• br Activators Many compounds are known to influence the acti

  2021-12-07

  

  Activators Many compounds are known to influence the activity of Ca2+-activated K+ channels, and since hIK1 was cloned more insight has been gained on compounds that have the capacity to increase channel activity. Activation by divalent metal cations has been investigated, with Ca2+, Pb2+, Cd2+,

• br Introduction Farnesoid X receptor FXR is a bile acid

  2021-12-06

  

  Introduction Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a bile 5-hme-CTP regulated nuclear receptor highly expressed in the liver, intestine, kidney and adrenal glands in rodents.1, 2, 3, 4 FXR regulates transport proteins, the bile salt export pump (BSEP) and the organic solute transporter α (OSTα) that are

• Ning et al showed that LPC appeared to increase

  2021-12-06

  

  Ning et al. showed that LPC 18:1 appeared to increase insulin release through both GPR119-dependent and -independent mechanisms (Ning et al., 2008). In our study, we have shown that not only GPR119 but also GPR40 and GPR55 participate in LPC-stimulated insulin secretion (Fig. 4, Fig. 5) and target p

• Several studies have reported that the genotype and allele f

  2021-12-06

  

  Several studies have reported that the genotype and allele frequencies of S267F vary considerably between different study groups and geographical regions (Ezzikouri et al., 2017, Hu et al., 2016, Lee et al., 2017, Li et al., 2014, Pan et al., 2011, Peng et al., 2015, Yang et al., 2016, Zhang et al.,

• Evaluating the plausibility of this selective scenario

  2021-12-06

  

  Evaluating the plausibility of this selective scenario is challenging because of the uncertainties concerning the biological role of calpain-10 and the significance of its variants with regard to gene function and disease susceptibility. However, from a strictly evolutionary standpoint, our findings

• Introduction Nicotinic acid niacin NA

  2021-12-06

  

  Introduction Nicotinic 5'-Iodoresiniferatoxin (niacin, NA) has been used in the treatment of dislipidemia and cardiovascular disease for almost 60years (Offermanns, 2006). Large clinical studies showed that niacin alone or in combination with LDL-lowering drugs improved cardiovascular outcomes (Ca

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